Human Circulatory system

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Regulation of respiration

 Respiration is involuntary process and is regulated by Nervous system and Some Chemicals in blood.

The voluntary regulation is done by higher Centres in cerebrum while involuntary regulation is of two types: Nervous regulation and chemical regulation.

Pulmonary air volumes

 

spirometry is the process of recording the Changes in the volume of air into and out of lungs during breathing. the instrument used for it is called spirometer or Respirometer. the graph showing the changes in pulmonary air volumes and pulmonary air Capacities Under different Conditions of breathing is called spirogram.

Mechanism of Respiration

 

The Complete process of respiration Can be explained under following headings:

* Breathing or pulmonary ventilation

* Exchange of gases in alveolie

* Transport of oxygen

* Exchange of gases in Cells (at Cellular level)

* Transport of Carbon dioxide

*  Release of Carbon dioxide in alveolie.

⇒ Intercoastal muscles: are muscles lying in between Ribs. 11 pairs of Intercoastal muscles are present in between 12 Pairs of Ribs and are of two types ; External intercoastal or Inspiratory muscles and Internal intercoastal or expiratory muscles.

Human Respiratory Organs

 Human respiratory organs:

Are nostrils, nasal Chambers, pharynx, lanynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, lungs and diaphragm.

* Nostrils: Are two Small openings above the mouth through which air passes in and out during breathing. (Dirhynous having 2 nostrils)

* Nasal Chambers: Each nostril opens into a small Chamber called nasal chamber. Two nasal chambers remain separated with each other by nasal septum Cartilaginous ( hyaline Cartilage) towards lower/anterior side while bony ( Ethmoid and vomer bone @ EV) towards upper / posterior side.

Each nasal Chamber remains differentiated into 3 regions:

Gametogenesis in Frog: Spermatogenesis and oogenesis

 Gametogenesis: The process of formation of gametes is Called gametogenesis.

It takes place in gonads. Male gonad is testis while female gonad is ovary. The male gamete is Sperm while female gamete is ovum or egg.
Gametes are haploid. Thus , meiosis division takes place during their formation.
Types of gametogenesis: It is of two types; Spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

• spermatogenesis: 

The process of formation of male gametes or sperms is called Spermatogenesis. It takes place in testis and gets completed in 3 phases;

Previous year questions of Plasmodium.